diff --git a/Chapter-4/Chapter-4.tex b/Chapter-4/Chapter-4.tex index 1882999..0cf5bee 100644 --- a/Chapter-4/Chapter-4.tex +++ b/Chapter-4/Chapter-4.tex @@ -1,4 +1,117 @@ \chapter{Resonances} \label{chap:Resonances} -[\ldots] +\section{Zeldovich regularization} +\label{sec:zeldovich} + +As an alternative to complex scaling, here we discuss Zeldovich regularization, +where the known asymptotic forms of wave functions in configuration +space are utilized to define a regularized inner-product. +Using this, we can implement CA-EC in configuration space, without the complications +of complex-scaled contours. As $\Ip(p)<0$ for resonance states, +the wave function is ever increasing and not square integrable. +They are said to belong in a ``Rigged Hilbert Space''. Inner products and +normalization factors of Gamow states can be calculated by inserting a regularization +factor inside integrals which are otherwise divergent \cite{delaMadrid:2008sr}, +allowing us to work directly in the RHS. + +Let, +% +\begin{equation} + \label{eq:zeldovich} + \braket{\phi_1}{\phi_2} + =\lim_{\mu\to 0}\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-\mu r^2}\phi_1(r)\phi_2(r)\,dr +\end{equation} +% +Now assume that after some $r>R$, the wave functions becomes approximately equal to +their asymptotic forms, $N_1 e^{ip_1r}$ and $N_2 e^{ip_2r}$ respectively. Then the +integral can be broken into two. +% +\begin{spliteq} + \braket{\phi_1}{\phi_2} + & \approx \lim_{\mu\to 0}\int_{0}^{R}e^{-\mu r^2}\phi_1(r)\phi_2(r)\,dr \\ + & \quad +N_1N_2\lim_{\mu\to 0} + \int_{R}^{\infty}e^{-\mu r^2}e^{ip_1r}e^{ip_2r}\,dr \\ +\end{spliteq} +% +where $N_{1,2}$ can be determined from $N=\phi(r)/e^{ipr}$ for any $r>R$. Using +results from \cite{kukulin1989theory} for the second term, and taking the limit in +the first term, this simplifies as follows. +% +\begin{equation} + \label{eq:easy} + \braket{\phi_1}{\phi_2} \approx \int_{0}^{R}\phi_1(r)\phi_2(r)\,dr + +\frac{\ii N_1 N_2 e^{\ii(p_1+p_2)R}}{p_1+p_2} +\end{equation} +% +If $\phi_1(r)$ and $\phi_2(r)$ are solutions to finite-ranged potentials with ranges +$a_1$ and $a_2$, this result can be made exact by taking $R=\max\{a_1,a_2\}$. +For other potentials, a sufficiently large $R$ has to be considered such that +$V(r)\approx 0$ for all $r>R$. + +Now, we have all the necessary tools for performing Galerkin projection on to the +reduced basis, to arrive at a smaller generalized eigenvalue problem. Rest of +the procedure would continue similarly. + +\subsection{RHA-EC for Zeldovich method} + +RHA-EC is straightforward in this configuration space and we can directly construct +free wave functions of the form $e^{\ii p r}$ and include them in the basis. + +\subsection{CA-EC for Zeldovich method} + +\ny{I need to check this math again. For now, please ignore this section.} + +There will be no saving of additional memory usage by implementing CA-EC in +un-complex-scaled bases. Since RHA-EC already works better than CA-EC and is much +easier to implement, there is no reason to go with CA-EC, +other than for sanity checks, for which this section is dedicated. + +\begin{lemma} + For bound states, complex conjugation is equivalent to analytically rotating + the function by an angle $2\phi$. +\end{lemma} + +Consider a bound state training point $\ket{\psi}$. +% +\begin{equation} + \ket{\psi}=\int_{0}^{\infty} dp\,p^2\, u(p)\ket{p} +\end{equation} +% +Now complex-scale the integration contour by an angle $-\phi$ (i.e., $\phi$ in the +clockwise direction). +% +\begin{equation} + \ket{\psi}=\int_{-\phi} dp\,p^2\, u(p)\ket{p} +\end{equation} +% +This $u(p)$ is the reduced radial wave function that we obtain when we solve for +eigenstates with complex scaling. Now, consider the complex-conjugated wave function +on this contour. +% +\begin{equation} + \ket{\Tilde{\psi}}=\int_{-\phi} dp\,p^2\, u^*(p)\ket{p} +\end{equation} +% +Since $\ket{\psi}$ is a bound state, $u(p)$ is real on the positive real axis. +Therefore, Schwarz reflection principle can be invoked to say $u^*(p)=u(p^*)$. +% +\begin{spliteq} + \ket{\Tilde{\psi}}&=\int_{-\phi} dp\,p^2\, u(p^*)\ket{p}\\ + &=\int_{-\phi} dp\,p^2\, u(pe^{2i\phi})\ket{p} +\end{spliteq} +% +Since $u(pe^{2\ii\phi})$ is an analytic function, we can complex-scale the +contour back to the positive real axis. +% +\begin{equation} + \ket{\Tilde{\psi}}=\int_{0}^{\infty} dp\,p^2\, u(pe^{2\ii\phi})\ket{p} +\end{equation} +% +The end result $\ket{\Tilde{\psi}}$ is simply the original state $\ket{\psi}$ +rotated by an angle $2\phi$ on the complex $p$-plane. + +Therefore, the equivalent of complex-conjugated vectors for the Zeldovich method +can be obtained by solving the Schr\"odinger's equation along a complex-scaled contour +($re^{-2\ii\phi}$) for some arbitrary angle $\phi$. As mentioned above, this method +is very inefficient in the Zeldovich implementation compared to RHA-EC.